The British Constitution

This section covers what the British constitution is, the institutions that make up the UK's system of government, and the role of the monarchy — including King Charles III, the National Anthem, and the oath and affirmation of allegiance.

What Is a Constitution?

A constitution is a set of principles by which a country is governed — the institutions responsible for running the country, how their power is kept in check, and the laws and conventions involved. The British constitution is unwritten: it isn't set down in any single document. This is mainly because, unlike America or France, the UK has never had a revolution that permanently created a wholly new system of government — its institutions have developed gradually over hundreds of years. Some believe a single written document would be better; others think an unwritten constitution allows more flexibility.

Constitutional Institutions

The UK's system of government has several main parts:

• The monarchy
• Parliament (the House of Commons and the House of Lords)
• The Prime Minister
• The Cabinet
• The judiciary (courts)
• The police
• The civil service
• Local government

In addition, devolved governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have the power to legislate on certain issues.

The Monarchy

King Charles III is the UK's head of state, and also monarch of many Commonwealth countries. The UK is a constitutional monarchy — the king doesn't rule directly, but appoints the government chosen by the people in a democratic election. The monarch invites the leader of the largest party (or a coalition) to become Prime Minister, and holds regular meetings with the PM, offering advice and encouragement — but government policy decisions rest with the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

King Charles has reigned since his mother's death in September 2022. He's married to Queen Camilla; his eldest son, Prince William (Prince of Wales), is heir to the throne.

The King has important ceremonial roles, such as opening each new parliamentary session with a speech summarising the government's policies for the year ahead — all Acts of Parliament are made in his name. He also represents the UK abroad, receiving foreign ambassadors and making state visits, and provides continuity and a focus for national identity as governments and Prime Ministers come and go.

The National Anthem

The UK's National Anthem is "God Save the King," played at important national occasions and events attended by the King or Royal Family. The first verse:

"God save our gracious King!
Long live our noble King!
God save the King!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us,
God save the King!"

Oath and Affirmation of Allegiance

As part of the citizenship ceremony, new citizens swear or affirm loyalty to the King:

Check That You Understand

• What a constitution is and how the UK's is different from most other countries
• The main institutions that make up the UK's system of government
• The role of the monarch
• The National Anthem and the oath/affirmation of allegiance